Pubdata compression

The most basic strategy to publish state diffs is to publish those in either of the following two forms:

• When a key is updated for the first time — <key, value>, where key is 32-byte derived key and the value is new 32-byte value of the slot.
• When a key is updated for the second time and more — <enumeration_index, value>, where the enumeration_index is an 8-byte id of the slot and the value is the new 32-byte value of the slot.

This compression strategy will utilize a similar idea for treating keys and values separately and it will be focused on the efficient compression of keys and values separately.

Keys

Keys will be packed in the same way as they were before. The only change is that we’ll avoid using the 8-byte enumeration index and will pack it to the minimal necessary number of bytes. This number will be part of the pubdata. Once a key has been used, it can already use the 4 or 5 byte enumeration index and it is very hard to have something cheaper for keys that has been used already. The opportunity comes when remembering the ids for accounts to spare some bytes on nonce/balance key, but ultimately the complexity may not be worth it.

There is some room for optimization of the keys that are being written for the first time, however, optimizing those is more complex and achieves only a one-time effect (when the key is published for the first time), so they may be in scope of the future upgrades.

Values

Values are much easier to compress since they usually contain only zeroes. Also, we can leverage the nature of how those values are changed. For instance, if nonce has been increased only by 1, we do not need to write the entire 32-byte new value, we can just tell that the slot has been increased and then supply only the 1-byte value by which it was increased. This way instead of 32 bytes we need to publish only 2 bytes: first byte to denote which operation has been applied and the second by to denote the number by which the addition has been made.

We have the following 4 types of changes: Add, Sub, Transform, NoCompression where:

• NoCompression denotes that the whole 32 byte will be provided.
• Add denotes that the value has been increased. (modulo 2^256)
• Sub denotes that the value has been decreased. (modulo 2^256)
• Transform denotes the value just has been changed (i.e. we disregard any potential relation between the previous and the new value, though the new value might be small enough to save up on the number of bytes).

Where the byte size of the output can be anywhere from 0 to 31 (also 0 makes sense for Transform, since it denotes that it has been zeroed out). For NoCompression the whole 32 byte value is used.

So the format of the pubdata is the following:

Part 1. Header.

• <version = 1 byte> — this will enable easier automated unpacking in the future. Currently, it will be only equal to 1.
• <total_logs_len = 3 bytes> — we need only 3 bytes to describe the total length of the L2→L1 logs.
• <the number of bytes used for derived keys = 1 byte>. It should be equal to the minimal required bytes to represent the enum indexes for repeated writes.

Part 2. Initial writes.

• <num_of_initial_writes = 2 bytes> - the number of initial writes. Since each initial write publishes at least 32 bytes for key, then 2^16 * 32 = 2097152 will be enough for a lot of time (right now with the limit of 120kb it will take more than 15 L1 txs to use up all the space there).
• Then for each <key, value> pair for each initial write:
  • print key as 32-byte derived key.
  • packing type as a 1 byte value, which consists of 5 bits to denote the length of the packing and 3 bits to denote the type of the packing (either Add, Sub, Transform or NoCompression).
  • The packed value itself.

Part 3. Repeated writes.

Note, that there is no need to write the number of repeated writes, since we know that until the end of the pubdata, all the writes will be repeated ones.

• For each <key, value> pair for each repeated write:
  • print key as derived key by using the number of bytes provided in the header.
  • packing type as a 1 byte value, which consists of 5 bits to denote the length of the packing and 3 bits to denote the type of the packing (either Add, Sub, Transform or NoCompression).
  • The packed value itself.

Impact

This setup allows us to achieve nearly 75% packing for values, and 50% gains overall in terms of the storage logs based on historical data.

Encoding of packing type

Since we have 32 * 3 + 1 ways to pack a state diff, we need at least 7 bits to present the packing type. To make parsing easier, we will use 8 bits, i.e. 1 byte.

We will use the first 5 bits to represent the length of the bytes (from 0 to 31 inclusive) to be used. The other 3 bits will be used to represent the type of the packing: Add, Sub , Transform, NoCompression.

Worst case scenario

The worst case scenario for such packing is when we have to pack a completely random new value, i.e. it will take us 32 bytes to pack + 1 byte to denote which type it is. However, for such a write the user will anyway pay at least for 32 bytes. Adding an additional byte is roughly 3% increase, which will likely be barely felt by users, most of which use storage slots for balances, etc, which will consume only 7-9 bytes for packed value.

Why do we need to repeat the same packing method id

You might have noticed that for each pair <key, value> to describe value we always first write the packing type and then write the packed value. However, the reader might ask, it is more efficient to just supply the packing id once and then list all the pairs <key, value> which use such packing.

I.e. instead of listing

(key = 0, type = 1, value = 1), (key = 1, type = 1, value = 3), (key = 2, type = 1, value = 4), …

Just write:

type = 1, (key = 0, value = 1), (key = 1, value = 3), (key = 2, value = 4), …

There are two reasons for it:

• A minor reason: sometimes it is less efficient in case the packing is used for very few slots (since for correct unpacking we need to provide the number of slots for each packing type).
• A fundamental reason: currently enum indices are stored directly in the merkle tree & have very strict order of incrementing enforced by the circuits and (they are given in order by pairs (address, key)), which are generally not accessible from pubdata.

All this means that we are not allowed to change the order of “first writes” above, so indexes for them are directly recoverable from their order, and so we can not permute them. If we were to reorder keys without supplying the new enumeration indices for them, the state would be unrecoverable. Always supplying the new enum index may add additional 5 bytes for each key, which might negate the compression benefits in a lot of cases. Even if the compression will still be beneficial, the added complexity may not be worth it.

That being said, we could rearrange those for repeated writes, but for now we stick to the same value compression format for simplicity.